Gaul

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. 
De Bello Gallico, Julius Caesar  

 "All Gaul is divided into three parts," Caesar writes, and "one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third."

Tout étudiants qui ont étudié le latin sont familier avec l'expression 'Gallia omnis divisa intérêt en tres partes'. C'est la première phrase de Guerre des Gaules de Jules César. Et la phrase se termine par, ' un part dont les Belges habitent, les Aquitains l'autre, ceux qui, dans leur propre langue sont appelés Celtes, dans notre Gaulois, le troisième.'

Caesar's Gallic Campaigns online.

Gaul, 1st Century AD

Strabo (58 BC-25 AD) a Greek historian wrote:

"The Gauls add to their natural frankness and ferocity a real thoughtlessness and bragging, as well as a passion for their appearance as they cover themselves with golden jewels, wear golden necklaces around their neck, golden bracelets around their arms and wrists and their chiefs are dressed in clothes with vivid colors and gold brocade. This frivolity is such that victory makes the Gauls insufferably arrogant when defeat leaves them in dismay."

Ammianus Marcellinus (330-400 AD) a Roman historian said:

"The Gauls are generally tall, with white skin, blond hair and frightful and ferocious eyes. Their mood is quarrelsome and extremely arrogant. Any of them in a fight will resist several brawlers at a time with no other help than his wife's, an even more dangerous fighter. Whether calm or wrathful, the Gauls always sound threatening or irritable..."

The several tribes Caesar fought from 58 BC to 50 BC were not barbarians. They had kings and coins, towns and trade. Craftsmen worked metal in bronze and gold. Like all men, they loved their freedom and independence. And they came close to defeating the Roman legions.

In 52 BC,  a young Gallic chieftain, Vercingetorix, united many of the Gallic tribes.  The Lingones with their capital at Andematunnum, modern day Langres, were allied with the Romans. The Roman armies met Vercingetorix at the the siege of Alesia. Victory was often in doubt, but as every scholl child knows the Romans prevailed.

The present day village of Graffigny-Chemin is but one hundred miles from the battle site and less than 40 miles from Andematunnum. Graffigny is indeed along the ancient Roman road that connected the Roman towns of Andematunnum (Langres) and Toul. And the street in Graffigny still bears the name Voie Romaine, Roman Way.

Graffigny-Chemin is off modern Highway A31.

Read more about the Lingones.

Julie Chevallier Meine

The decades leading up to the First World War were known as the Belle Epoque, the beautiful age. How beautiful was it?

The Franco-Prussian War, which France began and Prussia ended, began and ended in 1870. France's humiliating defeat marked the end of the government of Napolean III and the beginning of  the Third Republic. The peace treaty required France to cede the province of Alsace and much of the ancient province of Lorraine. Graffigny-Chemin was located in Lorraine, then called Haute-Marne. It is the village of my grandmother Marguerite Meine (nee Chevallier).

Defeat brought reform. A new government established a new education system. Railroads were built, the telephone invented, and the camera revealed images of daily life.

Marguerite Chevallier Meine

[Recheck the name Julie Laura Emma Chevallier]

My great grandmother was Julie Laura Emma Chevallier (b.1862). That is a mouthful. There is a saying I heard that mothers and fathers gave their children multiple names to fool the devil. Often the first name was a misnomer, and the child's spoken name would be the second in the series of names given at birth. This was the case with Julie Laura Emma Chevallier. For when I visited Graffigny and went to the house she shared with her husband Charles Meine, over the door, I saw the initials "C & J" which stood for Charles and Julie. 

Julie Laura Chevallier Meine and her two daughters

I have a few pictures of my great grandmother. The above image shows Julie with her two daughters, Paula and Marguerite. Marguerite, on the right, is my grandmother. 



I missed the chance to ask my grandmother about her life in France. I was a teenager when she died and saw her but a few times during her lifetime as my father was in the military. 

Thinking back on the few conversations we had at her house in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, it is surprising now that she was so vehemently anti-German. I say that not because she was French. The French hated Germany for two wars. There was much to hate. But my great grandfather was German. His name was Charles Meine. My grandmother was, as I would learn later, born in Hannover, Germany. The family was well-to-do with business interest in Germany and a vacation home in Switzerland. Charles died before World War I, and Julie raised her children alone, as far as I know.

front door with intials "C & J"

My grandfather James Madison Pearson came to France in 1917. He was part of the American Expeditionary Force, serving with the Second Division, and fighting in several major battles. He was injured, met my grandmother, and they married.

eglise de St.Elophe et St Christophe, Graffigny-Chemin

Julie Chevallier Meine stayed in Graffigny after the war. She was there during the Second World War, and there is a story that she saved the village from destruction by the Germans. See Wikipedia on Graffigny-Chemin. The house that she and her husband lived in Graffigny is still there. It is located across from the church of St. Elophe and St. Christophe. The postcard below shows the street in front of their house and their carriage house behind the wall.

Graffigny-Chemin 1909

Feast of Joan of Arc, 1909, Graffigny-Chemin

Revise

My great grandfather's name was Charles William Meine. I know next to nothing about him. He died before WWI, leaving behind a wife and two daughters in Graffigny. Below are two more images. I presume that they are also of Julie, taken at an earlier date. The one on the left was taken in Meran, Italy near Bolsano. The other was taken in Innsbruck, Austria.

Graffigny-Chemin 1909

La Belle Époque, French for " the Beautiful Era," -  in France the time between 1871 and 1914, the end of the Franco-Prussian War and the beginning of World War I, when life was beautiful, Europe stable, and the world at peace.

My grandmother Marguerite lived in the small village of Graffigny-Chemin with her mother and sister. Marguerite's father, Charles William Meine had passed away, but left the family in comfortable circumstances. He, as I was to learn later, German, though nothing is left of his family records other than an old photograph or two. In 1918. my grandmother married my grandfather, Madison Pearson, an officer with the American army in World War I.

In 1909 Graffigny-Chemin was, as it is now a small village of several hundred souls in the French department of Haute-Marne, formerly the province of Lorraine. Then, as now, it was a farming village with cattle in the pastures, and orchards in the hills behind the village. A stream fed the waterwell in the center of town next to one of two churches that Graffigny had, and across the main square from the house where my grandmother lived with her family. The house where they lived was unlike any other in Graffigny, for it was surrounded by a wall which enclosed the two-story house, a carriage house, and garden.

In April of 1909, Jeanne d'Arc was beatified by Pope Pius X. That event, most likely, inspired the photograph and postcard seen below. And there in the postcard, on the left side is the wall surrounding the home and the carriage house of my grandmother. My grandmother was a young lady at this time. She is perhaps lost in the crowd.

Visit the Orleans Fête de Jeanne d'Arc.

Lorraine et Bar Unsolioden

This document, dated mil sept cent quatre vignt nuef, 1789, announces the marriage bans of Nicholas Chevallier and Marguerite Mangeron.

I can read the date of the document, the names, and not much else. Does anyone know the meaning of the stamp "Lorraine et Bar Unsoliden"?

Lorraine was formerly a separate duchy between France and Germany. Bar was also a duchy and was centered on the town of Bar-le-duc. François III Etienne, Duke of Lorraine and of Bar, renounced his rights to the ducal crowns shortly after his marriage to Maria Theresa, future Empress of Austria, in 1736. The deal saw ex-King Stanislaus receive the duchies in 1738 as compensation for losing the throne of Poland. The duchies were a sort of life annuity, with the understanding that they would revert to France at his death.

Unsoliden is German for unsound.

Archive de la Haute-Marne

The Archives de la Haute-Marne are digitalized. The archives contain records of marriages, births, and deaths covering the periods 1586 up until 1912.

In my research, I have come across many names associated with my family. It begins with Chevallier, the name of my great great grandfather, Paul Constant Chevallier. But there are other names to research as well. Paul Constant Chevallier married Anne Marie Richier. Paul's father was Hilaire Chevalllier, who married Marguerite Collin. Then too, there are the surnames Morel, Rouyer, and Ligier, but I will have to come back to these.

Chevallier is a name which is sprinkled throughout the archives for hundreds of years. I have mentioned Paul's father, Hilaire, but there are also the names of Nicolas, Joseph, Paul Achille, Claude, Charles Hippolyte, and more whose relationship is not always clear.


______________________________________________________________

What follows is a cursory review of the archives for the period 1893 - 1902. This should find a new page.



The Archives of Haut-Marne, births, marriages, and deaths. Select d’état civil. Graffigny today is a village of perhaps two to three hundred souls. The archives suggest that the population has not changed much.

Year	Births	Marriages	Deaths	Arch/Pages
1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901	19 10 10 10 20 14 21 15 x	8 8 10 1 5 9 5 7 x	13 13 10 13 8 22 21 10 x	- - - 60 75 93, 94 112, 113 126 x

Years 1893 to 1895:

Summaries by year of births are found at pages 7, 24, 40

Summaries by year of marriages and divorces are found at pages 15, 30 and 31, 49

Summaries of deaths xx, 35, 52,

Beginning in 1896, births, marriages, divorces and deaths are summarized together. Pages 60, 75,

1896, death of Claude Alexandre Chevallier, born 1810, age 87, son of Hilaire Chevallier and Marguerite Collin, deceased. His wife Marie Genevieve Rouyer, deceased 1889.  Father of Edmond Chevallier, "le premier gendre et le second neveau" (page 56). Note by me, brother of Paul Constant Chevallier.(page 56).

Notes.

1893, Marie Jean-Marcel born 8 May, 1893.son of Marcel Edmond Chevallier and  Eugenie Denise Moirot, both age 33, witnessed by Paul Constant Chevallier, age 70, and Ernest Chevallier, age 44 (page 3).

1893, marriage of Paul Ernest and Marie Hortense Demay April 4, 1893.Paul Ernest, age 46, is the oldest son of Paul Constant Chevallier and Anne Marie Richier. Anne Marie Hortense Demay, age 46, is the daughter of Antoine Demay, deceased, and Marie Collin, age 70 (page 10).

1897. Typewriter used for the first time, although many entries remain handwritten.

1897, Cecile Richier, age 91 deceased. He was born the 27th Brumaire, the 14th of the Republic. Note by me, Brumaire refers to the second month of the French Republican calendar, so named for the fog that often occurs at that time of year. Question, is the scribe repeating the language of Cecile's birth for the year 1805-6? ... Son of Nicholas Richier (died 1853) and Marie Magdeline Quentin (died 1870). Spouse "vuive" ??? of Lemoine Nicholas Antoine. ??? Note by me. I have included Cecile Richier only because of the possible connection with Anne Marie Richier, wife of Paul Constant Chevallier.

1898, Paul Albert Chevallier died 21 October, age 13, son of Paul Ernest Chevallier and Zepherine Douzery (page 90).

Summary of Births and Deaths, 1853 - 1862

Births	Deaths
1853 - 20 1854 - 16 1855 - 20 1856 - 16 1857 - 12 1858 - 4 1859 - 25 1860 - 19 1861 - 22 1862 - 16	1853 -

Mayor of Graffigny is Alexandre Chevallier.

Births are summarized by year in the Archives at pages 8, 14, 20, 27, 32, 38, 49, 55, 63, 69,

Notes.
1854, Constant Trenie ??? Berliz Chevallier born January 9, son of Paul Constant Chevallier, 31, and Eugenie Richier, 25 (page 9).

1856, Charles Hypolite Armand Chevallier born June 25, son of Paul Constant Chevallier, age 34, proprieter and cultivator, and Anne Marie Richier, age 27, (page 24).


1859, Marcel Edmond Chevallier born March 18, son of Paul Constant Chevallier, 37, and Anne Marie Richier, 30 (page 40).

1862, Julie Laure Emma Chevallier born march 14, daughter of Paul Constant Chevallier, 40, and his wife, Anne Marie Richier, 33 (page 66).A later note lists Julie's death occurring March 25, 1956 in Neufchateau, Vosges.


Note. For a discussion of fertility rates in France during the 1800's, see http://hailtoyou.wordpress.com/2011/02/20/why-did-french-fertility-collapse-in-the-1800s/.